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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Knowledge of clinical and laboratory differences between chromosomal and undefined causes aids etiological research on non-obstructive azoospermia. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical and laboratory differences between men with non-obstructive azoospermia due to chromosomal anomalies versus undefined causes DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional retrospective study conducted at a public university hospital in Campinas (Brazil) METHODS: All men aged 20-40 years with non-obstructive azoospermia were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The 107 cases included 14 with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (13%), 1 with mosaic KS, 4 with sex development disorders (2 testicular XX, 1 NR5A1 gene mutation, and 1 mild androgen insensitivity syndrome) (4%), 9 with other non-obstructive azoospermia etiologies (8%), and 79 with undefined causes. The 22 chromosomal anomaly cases (14 KS, 1 mosaic KS, 2 testicular XX, 4 sex chromosome anomalies, and 1 autosomal anomaly) were compared with the 79 undefined cause cases. The KS group had lower average testicular volume, shorter penile length, and lower total testosterone levels but greater height, arm span, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and gynecomastia frequency (absent in the undefined group and affecting more than half of the KS group). Patients with testicular XX DSD had LH, FSH, and penile length data intermediate between the KS and undefined cause groups, testicular volume similar to the KS group, and other data similar to the undefined group. CONCLUSION: Clinical and laboratory data differentiate men with non-obstructive azoospermia and chromosomal anomalies, particularly KS and testicular XX, from those with undefined causes or other chromosomal anomalies.
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Introduction: Human height is a sexually dimorphic trait that can be estimated using various anthropometric indicators.Materials and Method: The study cohort which comprises of 500 (250 men and 250 women) healthy subjects who fall within theage range of 20 and 49 years, were selected randomly. Their standing stature, weight, hand length and arm span were measured.Results: Findings reveals that Height of male subjects was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to that of females, the meanarm span values of male subjects were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to that of females. Mean arm span values wasobserved to exceed stature. A strong positive correlation value of r=0.431 for males, r=0.747 for females was obtained in thisstudy between the height and arm span parameters. The mean hand length of males was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared tothat of the females. A strong positive correlation value between the height and hand length parameter r=0.093 for males, r=0.442for females was also obtained. A regression formula of height for males was Height=52.78 + (0.64) Arm span and for females,Height=61.2 + (0.59) Arm span was deduced. Conclusion: Arm span and Hand length are useful racial markers and will be ofclinical and forensic anthropological significance when dealing with the study population. This study shows that though both armspan and hand length can be used in estimation of the height of males and females, arm-span remains the most reliable. Theregression equations can be used in amputees or dead accident victims and can be applied in medicolegal issues with accurateresults.
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The purpose of this research is to examine stature in both Albanian sexes as well as its association with arm span, as an alternative to estimating stature. A total of 445 individuals (266 boys and 179 girls) participated in this research. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of ISAK. The relationships between stature and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a 95 % confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was carried out to examine extent to which arm span can reliably predict stature. Results displayed that Albanian boys are 176.57±7.36 cm tall and have an arm span of 179.98±9.41 cm, while Albanian girls are 166.84±9.28 cm tall and have an arm span of 167.53±10.34 cm. The results have shown that both sexes made Albanians a tall nation but not even close to their male compatriots from Kosovo that are almost 3 centimeters taller, while the results in female population are opposite. Moreover, the arm span reliably predicts stature in both sexes, which confirms a high R-square (%) for the boys (73.4) as well as for the girls (78.8).
El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la estatura en individuos de ambos sexos albaneses, además de su asociación con la extensión del brazo, como una alternativa a la estimación de la estatura. Un total de 445 individuos (266 niños y 179 niñas) participaron en esta investigación. Las medidas antropométricas se tomaron de acuerdo con el protocolo de ISAK. Las relaciones entre la estatura y el brazo se determinaron utilizando coeficientes de correlación simples en un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Luego se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal para examinar en qué medida el brazo puede predecir de manera confiable la estatura. Los resultados muestran que los niños albaneses miden 176,57 ± 7,36 cm de alto y tienen una medida del brazo de 179,98 ± 9,41 cm, mientras que las niñas albanesas miden 166,84 ± 9,28 cm de alto y tienen una medida del brazo de 167,53 ± 10,34 cm. Los resultados han demostrado una altura importante en ambos sexos de la población albanesa. Sin embargo, se observó que respecto de la altura los varones de Kosovo miden casi 3 centímetros más, mientras que en la población femenina se observó lo contrario. Además, la extensión del brazo predice de manera confiable la estatura en ambos sexos, lo que confirma un alto Rcuadrado (%) para los varones (73,4) y para las mujeres (78,8).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Arm/anatomy & histology , Body Height , Prognosis , Linear Models , Anthropometry , AlbaniaABSTRACT
Height is one of the important parameter for identification of the individual. The study was undertaken toestimate height of individual from arm span by regression equation and to compare it with measured height. Thestudy was carried out on 50 adult males and 50 adult females from Jalgaon, Maharashtra over a period of threemonths from February to April 2018. The population was randomly selected for this study. In present study,correlation coefficient between height and arm span in males is 0.73 while in females it is 0.69.The Regressionequation derived from arm span in male is Height = 47.26 + (0.72 X arm span) and in females Height =57.32 +(0.64X arm span). The derived equations were tested and difference between measured and estimated height wasfound non-significant.
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Anthropometric changes take place with increasing age. Progressive loss of height makes it difficult to use height for calculation of body mass index in nutritional screening of elderly persons. There is a need to find other alternative methods which could be used as proxy measurements of height in them. To assess the relationship of height and arm span and among elderly persons. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly persons in urban colony of Delhi. Height and arm span of persons aged 60 years and above (n = 711) were measured according to standard methods. Correlation between arm span and height was calculated. The mean arm span was seen to be more than the mean height in all age-groups and both sexes. There was a linear relationship between height and arm-span in all age-groups. There was a strong correlation between arm span and height in all age groups. Arm span could be used instead of height as an alternative in the conventional body mass index in elderly persons.
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The purpose of this research is to examine stature in both Kosovan sexes as well as its association with arm span, as an alternative to estimating stature. A total of 1623 individuals (830 boys and 793 girls) participated in this research. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of ISAK. The relationships between stature and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a ninety-five percent confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was carried out to examine extent to which arm span can reliably predict stature. Results displayed that Kosovan boys are 179.52±5.96 cm tall and have an arm span of 181.29±7.02 cm, while Kosovan girls are 165.72±4.93 cm tall and have an arm span of 165.60±5.87 cm. The results have shown that both sexes made Kosovans a tall nation but not even close to be in the top tallest nations. Moreover, the arm span reliably predicts stature in both sexes.
El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar la talla en individuos kosovares de ambos sexos, así como su asociación con la extensión de brazo como una alternativa para la estimación de estatura. En la investigación participaron 1623 personas (830 hombres y 793 mujeres) . Las mediciones antropométricas se tomaron de acuerdo con el protocolo de ISAK. Las relaciones entre la talla y la extensión del brazo se determinó utilizando coeficientes de correlación simple con un 95 % de confianza. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión lineal para examinar hasta qué punto la extensión de brazo puede predecir la estatura. Los resultados mostraron que los varones kosovares tienen 179.52 ± 5.96 cm de altura y tienen una extensión de brazo de 181.29 ± 7.02 cm, mientras que las mujeres kosovares tienen 165.72 ± 4.93 cm de altura y extensión de brazo de 165.60 ± 5.87 cm. Los resultados indicaron que los individuos kosovares de ambos sexos son una población alta, sin embargo las mediciones no se acercaron a poblaciones en las naciones de mayor altura. Además, la extensión de brazo fue predecible en cuanto a la estatura en ambos sexos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Anthropometry , Arm/anatomy & histology , Body Weight , Body Height , Kosovo , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
Background: Arm span is the most reliable anthropometric parameter to predict the body height of an individual. It is useful in predicting the age related loss in stature and in identifying individuals with disproportionate growth abnormalities and skeletal dysplasia. Previous studies show that stature can be measured effectively from various body parameters and length of long bones also. However, the relation between arm span and height was found to vary from race to race. The present study was undertaken to measure the stature as well as arm span and to determine whether there is any correlation between the stature and the arm span. Methods: This study was carried out with a total number of 400 subjects of Teerthanker Mahaveer University, 200 male and female each, age range (18-25). Stature was measured with the Stadiometer and arm span was measured using steel tape. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using correlation coefficients. Then a linear regression analysis was evaluated to examine the extent to which arm span can reliably predict body height. Results: The results have shown the mean of arm span for the male subjects was 175.03± 7.00cm and the height 168.13±5.89 cm, while female arm span 159.01±6.32 cm and height 156.00±5.61cm. The arm span was consistently more than height. The arm span exceeded stature in 87.5% of the participants.Conclusion: There is a good correlation between body height and arm span.
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Background: When actual measurement of stature cannot be done, other surrogate parameters can be used to predict stature. Stature in clinical medicine and in the field of scientific research can be easily estimated using various anthropometric parameters like arm span, knee height, foot length and breadth etc. Arm span has been proven to be one of the most reliable predictors. Thus this study was undertaken to estimate the stature from arm span using regression equation and to determine correlation between stature and arm span. Methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Ataria, UP. Our study consisted of 124 MBBS students (85 boys and 39 girls). The stature and arm span was measured directly using anthropometric technique and measuring tape. The data collected were recorded and analysed with SPSS 16. Regression equations were derived for stature estimation and the relationship between stature and arm span was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: We found that the males with stature 171.34±9.71cm had the arm span of 174.27±8.63cm and the females with stature 159.41±6.33cm had the arm span of 156.47±7.85cm. The stature calculated using regression equation was 171.25±6.69cm in male and 159.25±4.95cm in females. The correlation between stature and arm span was positive and significant (r=0.689 for male, r=0.783 for female, p<0.05). Conclusion: Body height correlates well with the arm span so it can be used as a reliable marker for stature estimation using regression equation.
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BACKGROUND: Arm span measurements provide a practical substitute for standing height to predict normal spirometric values in subjects unable to stand or those with a skeletal deformity such as kyphoscoliosis. The relationship between arm span and height has previously been reported as either a fixed ratio unaffected by age or as a regression equation in which the ratio varies as a function of age. The fixed ratio or regression equation is known to be specific for sex and race. METHODS: We studied the relationship between standing height, arm span, and age in 381 Korean adult female subjects (ages 20 to 69 yrs) sampled in a general population. RESULTS: The mean ratio for arm span to height is 1.004. Multiple linear analysis found arm span and age to be predictive of standing height (p=0.0001, r2=0.76). We performed the analysis of the difference between the predicted height using either fixed ratio or regression equation and actual height. At the extremes of arm span and age, the ratio method either underestimated (at smaller arm span or younger age) or overestimated (at larger arm span or older age) as compared with actual height (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: This results indicate that the estimated height using the fixed ratio method provides a less acceptable method of estimating height for the prediction of lung volumes in the Korean adult women when compared with the regression equations, especially at the extremes of stature or age.